Just a Biomarker of Inflammation or a Pathophysiological Player in Myocardial Function and Morphology?
bY: Rainer Schulz, Gerd Heusch
In response to inflammatory stress, C-reactive protein (CRP) is predominantly secreted from the liver and adipose tissue(s), and an independent relationship exists between different markers of overweight/obesity and elevated high sensitive (hs) CRP levels
Higher hsCRP levels predict incident myocardial infarction (MI), stroke, peripheral arterial disease, sudden cardiac death, and all-cause mortality in healthy individuals with no history of cardiovascular disease.1,2 hsCRP at admission predicts in-hospital outcome, and hsCRP at discharge predicts 6-month event rate and 30-day mortality (Global Utilization of Strategies To Open occluded arteries [GUSTO] IV) in patients with an acute coronary syndrome. Indeed, adding hsCRP levels to the Global Registry in Acute Coronary Events (GRACE) acute coronary syndrome risk model improves the prediction of 30-day mortality. In patients with non-ST-elevated MI, an increased hsCRP level predicts the death rate even at 20-month follow-up but does not predict stent-related complications.
The question of whether CRP, apart from serving as a biomarker, acts as a causal factor in vascular/coronary artery disease has been addressed in animal models, in which CRP was injected or genetically …
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Cross-Sectional Associations of Albuminuria and C-Reactive Protein With Functional Disability in Older Adults With Diabetes
OBJECTIVE To examine the relationship between albuminuria, inflammation, and disability in older adults with diabetes.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Data were from 1,729 adults (≥60 years) with diabetes in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999–2008. Disability in activities of daily living (ADL), instrumental activities of daily living (IADL), leisure and social activities (LSA), general physical activities (GPA), and lower-extremity mobility (LEM) was obtained from self-reports. Urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR) (mg/g) was categorized into normal (UACR <30 mg/g), microalbuminuria (UACR 30–300 mg/g), and macroalbuminuria (UACR >300 mg/g). C-reactive protein (CRP) levels were quantified by latex-enhanced nephelometry.
RESULTS In the full-adjusted model, microalbuminuria was associated with disability in ADL, LSA, and LEM with corresponding odds ratios (ORs) (95% CIs) of 1.51 (1.16–1.98), 1.62 (1.23–2.14), and 1.34 (1.03–1.74), respectively, compared with participants without albuminuria. Macroalbuminuria was associated with disability in ADL, IADL, and LEM with corresponding ORs (95% CIs) of 1.94 (1.24–3.03), 1.93 (1.23–3.02), and 2.20 (1.38–3.49), respectively, compared with participants without albuminuria. Elevated CRP (>0.3 mg/dL) was associated with increased odds of disability in ADL and LEM, with corresponding ORs (95% CIs) of 1.28 (1.00–1.62) and 1.68 (1.34–2.11), respectively. Subjects with both albuminuria and elevated CRP had higher odds of disability than individuals with no albuminuria and normal CRP.
CONCLUSIONS Albuminuria and inflammation were independent correlates for disability among older adults with diabetes. There was an interaction of albuminuria and elevated CRP on disability, suggesting that the presence of subclinical inflammation may amplify the effect of albuminuria on disability in older adults living with diabetes.
Hsu-Ko Kuo, MD, MPH1, Soham Al Snih, MD, PHD1,2, Yong-Fang Kuo, PHD1,2,3 and Mukaila A. Raji, MD1,2
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Data were from 1,729 adults (≥60 years) with diabetes in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999–2008. Disability in activities of daily living (ADL), instrumental activities of daily living (IADL), leisure and social activities (LSA), general physical activities (GPA), and lower-extremity mobility (LEM) was obtained from self-reports. Urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR) (mg/g) was categorized into normal (UACR <30 mg/g), microalbuminuria (UACR 30–300 mg/g), and macroalbuminuria (UACR >300 mg/g). C-reactive protein (CRP) levels were quantified by latex-enhanced nephelometry.
RESULTS In the full-adjusted model, microalbuminuria was associated with disability in ADL, LSA, and LEM with corresponding odds ratios (ORs) (95% CIs) of 1.51 (1.16–1.98), 1.62 (1.23–2.14), and 1.34 (1.03–1.74), respectively, compared with participants without albuminuria. Macroalbuminuria was associated with disability in ADL, IADL, and LEM with corresponding ORs (95% CIs) of 1.94 (1.24–3.03), 1.93 (1.23–3.02), and 2.20 (1.38–3.49), respectively, compared with participants without albuminuria. Elevated CRP (>0.3 mg/dL) was associated with increased odds of disability in ADL and LEM, with corresponding ORs (95% CIs) of 1.28 (1.00–1.62) and 1.68 (1.34–2.11), respectively. Subjects with both albuminuria and elevated CRP had higher odds of disability than individuals with no albuminuria and normal CRP.
CONCLUSIONS Albuminuria and inflammation were independent correlates for disability among older adults with diabetes. There was an interaction of albuminuria and elevated CRP on disability, suggesting that the presence of subclinical inflammation may amplify the effect of albuminuria on disability in older adults living with diabetes.
Hsu-Ko Kuo, MD, MPH1, Soham Al Snih, MD, PHD1,2, Yong-Fang Kuo, PHD1,2,3 and Mukaila A. Raji, MD1,2
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